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r The heroic story of Arland Williams, as described in Hero of the frozen river, is touching and extremely eye opening. This man gave away two chances at survival to save two complete strangers. Safran (1982), the author of this article, describes one of the mos ....

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.... this as one of his most difficult cases ever. This demonstrates his caring attitude and difficulty in hurting others. He always displayed optimism and helped anyone he could. Also, prosocial behaviour and norms could have affected Arland's actions while in the icy water of the Potomac River. Specifically, the "norm of social responsibility prescribes that people should help others who need help, regardless of whether they had helped the potential benefactors or might reciprocate in the future (Alcock, 1998). When the author of the article explains that this man had to realize that his time was running out, his energy growing tired, and hope dim ....