Beginning of Essay
When Japan defeated China in 1895, European powers answered with an order they called, “ carving up the Chinese melon.” Following the division of Africa among European powers, they turned their sights to what they saw as an extremely weak Chinese gove ....

Middle of Essay
.... societies had been formed in opposition to imperial government; as such, they were certainly a threat to the Ch’ing government. However, anti-foreign sentiment had risen so greatly in China that the Empress Dowager ,ruler of China, believed that the secret societies could be the leaders in a military deportation of Europeans. This policy reached its crucial period in 1900 with the . The Boxers, or “The Righteous and Harmonious Fists,” were a religious society that had originally rebelled against the imperial government in Shantung in 1898. They practiced an animistic magic of rituals and spells that they believed made them inv ....