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In July of 1991, nine skeletal remains were exhumed from a mass grave in Siberia, Russia. The bones were discovered near a place where a Russian royal family was murdered during the Russian revolution. People began to question if the bones belonged to Czar Nich ....

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.... Because of the location of the polymorphisms in the cells cytoplasm, during fertilization, mitochondria are only passed on from the egg. This means that the mitochondria DNA is passed on from the mother. This information becomes useful when using them for identification purposes. In any given cell, there are thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA. This relative abundance of mitochondrial DNA can be used by scientists to obtain DNA from samples where genomic DNA analysis is difficult of impossible. The first question was which, if any, of the bones found belonged to the Czar. To answer this, mitochondrial DNA was obtained eight adult male fem ....